Evolution of Baking and Pastry Making

Development of Baking and Pastry Making Rundown The reason for this task was to comprehend the development of preparing and baked good creation. How it has advanced all through time, what changes and procedures came that helped in the improvement of this field and how this calling today is one of the most significant callings in the food business. Presentation Preparing is one of the cooking strategies in which the food is prepared in broilers utilizing dry warmth. Breads are the most usually heated items, yet numerous other food things can likewise be prepared. At the point when the warmth ventures out from the surface to the focal point of the items like cakes, treats or breads, it shapes a hardened covering and a springy focus and changes over the player or dough’s into heated products. A mix of heating and grill can be made by either cooking twice or one preceding the other. Stone work stove is one of the idea of preparing which is like smoke pit idea of grilling, in this way heating and grilling can be connected. Initially preparing was finished by ladies at home for their own utilization, afterwards on men began working in bread kitchens and eateries and began heating for nearby utilization, as the time passed and advancements changed and enormous machines came into the market the creation was industrialized and subsequently heating was later done by huge machines and in immense processing plants. Breads being the basic food are monetarily just as socially significant hence the nutritive qualities must be remembered. An expert, heating merchandise is known as a dough puncher. Advancement OF BAKERY AND PASTRY ARTS WHAT IS BAKING? Cooking by dry warmth strategy in enormous broilers is known as heating. Aside from cakes, breads and baked goods; meats, vegetables, poultry and fish can likewise be heated. (Adams, 2013) Preparing should be possible by three strategies: Dry Baking The water content in the food rises and structures a steam, the dry warmth of the stove and the steam framed join to prepare the food. Model: Pastries, Cakes, and Baked Jacket Potato. Bain Marie While preparing, the food is set in a water compartment due to which the warmth in the broiler alters coming about the moderate preparing of food which guarantees that the food isn't over cooked or over warmed. Expanded Humidity Baking Dampness of the broiler is expanded either by setting a bowl of water in the stove or by infusing steam, bringing about the expansion of water content in the food and subsequently the nature of the food is improved. (Anon., 2012) HOW Could IT START? The proof of heating initially occurred when the wild grass grains were absorbed water and afterward everything was combined and squashed into a stock like glue. Cooking of this glue was finished by pouring it on a level hot stone and was cooked till it brought about a bread like substance. Simmering this glue on hot ashes made bread making simpler, since it could be made whenever fire was made. Yeast was formerly being utilized to mix brews, however Ancient Egyptians began utilizing it to heat breads. The specialty of heating bread started around 600 BC in Ancient Greece which prompted an innovation of encased stoves. The workmanship preparing sprouted in the Roman Empire. The control of baked good cook was known as the Pastillarium. It was the most regarded profession as cakes were viewed as generally better than average, and Romans wanted to eat them in celebrations and wanted to celebrate with them. Consequently the heating of baked goods began on extraordinary events and particularly for huge dinners. At whatever point another treat was concocted by any baked good cook they were profoundly remunerated. Number of cake gourmet experts expanded in Rome during 1 AD. There were 300 baked good culinary experts around then. Romans had their own factories to pound grain flour and prepared bread in stoves with smokestacks. (Gisslen, 2005) Heating IN MIDDLE AGES Heating as a calling completely vanished after the breakdown of the Roman Empire. It gradually returned the last piece of middle age as a significant business in the administration of high society. Bread making was not any more done by homemakers it was proceeded by proficient dough punchers since the consistent tending of the broilers was required. Broilers were typically disengaged from the structure because of the chance of fire, they were commonly outside of the city dividers. Societies were arrangement in France in the twelfth century and were called tameliers or sifters, there work was to filter the flour that was sent to them. During that time there were 62 organizations, and they were conceded the responsibility for breads yet not past the outskirts of Paris. At the point when the wheat is filtered with coarse strainers just some piece of the grain is evacuated, white flour is made by filtering the grain with better sifters which expels either parts of the grain or entire grain. The yield of the white flour is lower since the vast majority of the grain is evacuated while filtering henceforth the white flour was progressively costly. In 1650 CE bread cooks began purchasing filtered flour from the plants. The weight, quality and cost of the breads were explicitly chosen by the regal declaration. The portions which were not of the suitable weight were appropriated and afterward offered away to poor people. Protection against sickness was additionally given by the societies: every day a portion or two were given over to a medical clinic and need hospitalization for nothing was in kind ensured. Free breads were provided to the killer and were put topsy turvy by the dough puncher who provided it to them. They were kept advantage to guarantee different clients that the hands of the killer won't get in contact with some other portions. Individuals began accepting that it was unpropitious to keep the bread lounges topsy turvy consequently offering ascend to a notion. The word tameliers was before long supplanted by Boulanger which originates from the Picardy word Boulenc. The exacting significance of the word Boulanger is ‘one who makes round bread’. (Gisslen, 2005) (Gisslen, 2009) Present day BAKING AND TECHNOLOGY The hour of incredible specialized advancement gazed in the nineteenth century. With the improvement of programmed machines the undertaking of the physical work diminished and as a result of the advancement the pastry specialists could perform a lot more assignments with the machines. Roller Milling was the most significant innovative turn of events. Before this improvement processing of grains was finished by granulating them between two stones, at that point the resultant flour must be dashed of filtered various occasions so as to isolate the wheat. The difficult work process was moderate and took parcel of time however after the innovation of Roller Milling the procedure turned out to be progressively proficient and quicker. New accessibility of flours was another significant advancement of that period, they were developed in the wheat developing zones of North-America. They were higher in proteins than contrasted with those developed in Northern Europe. This wheat was sent out to Europe which prompted enormous scope creation of white breads. A lot more innovations created in the twentieth century. New sorts of broilers and fridges came. Air transportation likewise assumed a tremendous job in the advancement of heating and baked good creation. Transpiration of new fixings around the globe turned out to be progressively helpful. Numerous fixings that were once uncommon and costly are currently effectively accessible and sensibly estimated as a result of the Preservation Techniques. Arrangement and handling of food should now be possible before transportation for the benefit of bakeshops and food tasks as present day food conservations innovation have made it conceivable. Henceforth comfort nourishments have appeared. Cooking styles and dietary patterns have changed due to these turns of events. Advancement of cooking and heating has been continuing for a long time and still proceeds to. In the later pieces of the twentieth century, going the world over turned out to be simple subsequently settlers went in Europe and North America, which prompted the expansion in the taste and mindfulness for local dishes. Information about various foods developed among the cooks separated from the customary foods of different pieces of Europe they found out about the foods of Asia, Latin America, and of a lot progressively various locales. Various strategies and elements of more than one local food came being used in a solitary dish and came to be known as Fusion Cuisine, this cooking can now and again yield poor outcomes as it doesn't have a place with any one culture and gets to stirred up. Combination food was valid in 1980s as the thought was new and new. (Gisslen, 2009) End The advancement of preparing has took hundreds of years to consummate, from the times of the wild grass glue to the cutting edge methods of bread making apparatus. Gradually a portion of the strategy are moving out of the situation with raising medical problem and concerns .People are moving out of the substantial fats and oils, moving into a greater amount of lighter fats and more beneficial flour. The fate of heating will me increasingly creative stoves, more advantageous and entire grain breads and developments in the pastry shops associations. Rundown OF REFERENCES Adams, A., 2013. Preparing. [Online] Available at: http://dairyfreecooking.about.com/od/dairyfreeglossary/g/baking.htm [Accessed 3 january 2014]. Anon., 2012. The Food Tchnology Website. [Online] Available at: http://www.netcomuk.co.uk/~media/bake.htm [Accessed 2 January 2014]. Gisslen, W., 2005. Proficient Baking. fourth ed. Hoboken, NEw Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Gisslen, W., 2005. Proficient Baking. fourth ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Gisslen, W., 2009. Proficient Baking. fifth ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Gisslen, W., 2009. Proficient Baking. fifth ed. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley Sons, Inc..

Princess Charming Essay -- Disney Fairytales Essays

Princess Charming Technique I began considering a suitable subject for my Field Report months back. I thought about the universe of Punk culture in Chicago. At that point I chose I knew a lot of effectively about this so I considered maybe skateboard culture. At any rate along these lines I could get the hang of something that I was curious about with firsthand. Yet at the same time, I have had a lot of presentation to skateboarding so I continued looking. I thought about the effectively endorsed subjects and took a gander at legends in fantasies. I have been an aficionado of Disney films since I was pretty much nothing, and other than thinking about which princess I wished to resemble most, I never thought about them. When I started to consider them, I thought of certain ends that make my perspective on Disney, and of fantasies all in all, not exactly supernatural. I presumed that my reason would be that to be sure fantasies are rich with fables thinking about their immortality, oral custom, and legendary stories loaded with regular subjects. Be that as it may, these themes go past simply sentiment, experience, and abhorrence. Remembered for this rundown ought to be the ridiculous norms for female magnificence, female reliance on guys for personality, female accommodation, and the possibility that ladies should be by one way or another spared by a gallant man. This examination isn't proposed to demonstrate that fantasies are themselves underhanded or discourage perusers from ever viewing another Disney re-make. It will rather ideally urge watchers to watch with an increasingly basic eye, and in perceiving both the positive and negative folkloric attributes of the movies, change the idea of a fantasy as a young lady's fantasy, to what it truly is; an invented story proposed for the diversion and delight of youngsters. ... ...e how filmmaking and its characters have advanced after some time and what sort of progress we are making. Generally speaking however, I delighted in taking a gander at these two motion pictures from another, increasingly basic, viewpoint. There are a ton of shrouded implications that I wasn't already mindful of. When I began paying heed, they got universal. I anticipate the day when a lady keeps the door open for a man, a forceful and sure lady isn't portrayed as the scalawag, and a man anticipates his princess enchanting. Works Cited: Campbell, Joseph. 1961. Takeoff, Chapter 1 in Hero with a Thousand Faces, first distributed 1949, 49-95. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Cinderella. Walt Disney, 1950. Green, Philip. Splits in Hollywood belief system and Gender in Hollywood. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1998. Resting Beauty. Walt Disney, 1959.

Screening for Borderline Personality Disorder

Screening for Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Diagnosis Print Screening for Borderline Personality Disorder By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 13, 2020 Hero Images / Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions There are no specific tests that can diagnose borderline personality disorder  (BPD); however, mental health professionals often use screening instruments to help them identify a particular diagnosis. Here are several common types of screening tools that may be used to diagnose BPD.   The McLean Screening Instrument The McLean Screening Instrument for Borderline Personality Disorder (MSI-BPD) is a commonly used 10-item measure to screen for  BPD.  This measure was developed as a very brief paper-and-pencil test to detect possible BPD in people who are seeking treatment or who have a history of treatment. The MSI-BPD was developed by Dr. Mary Zanarini and her colleagues at McLean Hospital.?? The test consists of 10 items that are based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder. The first eight items of the MSI-BPD represent the first eight DSM-IV/5  diagnostic criteria for BPD, while the last two items assess the final DSM-IV/5 criterion, i.e., the paranoia/dissociation criterion. Scoring of the MSI-BPD Each item is rated as a 1 if it is present and a 0 if it is absent, and items are totaled for possible scores ranging from 0 to 10. A score of 7 has been determined to be a good diagnostic cut-off, meaning that a score of 7 or higher indicates that you are likely to meet criteria for borderline personality disorder. Uses for the MSI-BPD The MSI-BPD is a useful tool for detecting individuals who may have borderline personality features. Preliminary research suggests it may be helpful in detecting BPD in the general population,?? but more studies in community samples are needed. It has shown to be very effective in detecting possible BPD in people who are seeking treatment or who have a history of treatment for mental health problems. Psychometric Properties of the MSI-BPD The MSI-BPD has demonstrated good psychometric properties. It has adequate internal consistency and good test and retest reliability. It has also demonstrated good sensitivity and specificity for detecting borderline personality disorder when a score of 7 is used as a diagnostic cut-off. Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Personality Disorders (SCID-5-PD) This official clinical interview of the American Psychiatric Association (APA) is an update of the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II)  but is very similar.?? Your mental health professional may use this screening tool to help find your diagnosis by asking you questions directly related to the criteria for BPD that are listed in the DSM-5. This screening instrument also has an optional self-reporting questionnaire with 108 questions that you, the patient, can answer, but not all clinicians who choose the SCID-5-PD will use this.   Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire, 4th Edition (PDQ-4) This screening test consists of 99 true or false questions that can help screen for different personality disorders, including borderline personality disorder.?? Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder (ZAN-BPD) This tool, also developed by Dr. Mary Zanarini, is used for patients who have already been diagnosed with BPD to see if there have been any changes over time.?? Which Tool Is Best? A recent study using the first three of these screening methods with adolescents and young adults showed that the screening instrument were all equally effective in predicting a diagnosis of BPD.??

Essay on William Shakespeares The Tempest - 2363 Words

William Shakespeares The Tempest Generally acknowledged as one of Shakespeares final plays, The Tempest may be described as a romantic tragi-comedy - where love and contentment prosper despite the threatening presence of evil forces. However, beyond the almost fairy-tale like exterior lies a seemingly direct approach to a greatly topical debate at the time. This was the supposed contrast between civilised and uncivilised persons, brought to the fore as a result of recent expeditions overseas. Although pioneering voyages of discovery were not a recent commodity since the travels of Christopher Columbus, almost a century earlier, it wasnt until the early sixteen hundreds that such voyages†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, it would appear that Shakespeare was also inspired to explore the intricate relationship between natural man and civilised man as a result of a range of popular contemporary theories. Advocates of civilised man, customarily supporters of colonialism, presented natives of newly discovered land as savage, intemperate and brutal in contrast to the alleged nobility and self-control of themselves. Such a view was demonstrated by the theorist Sandy in his essay, Nature is Vile. On the other hand, contemporaries such as Rousseau and Montaigne opposed this viewpoint. Montaignes essay Des Cannibales, which discussed the value of societies unaffected by civilisation, was evidently familiar to Shakespeare who echoed the Frenchmans phrases extensively throughout the play. Hence, we can assume that foreign affairs and popular contemporary theories in the seventeenth century inspired Shakespeare to explore the notion that civilisation was superior to nature, and possibly contend this in his play. In fact, our very understanding of the play, and in particular its characters, relies upon the awareness of popular European attitudes from the seventeenth century. Shakespeare named and described his cast most particularly, as if to ensure that his audience would instantly recognise theShow MoreRelatedEssay on William Shakespeares The Tempest1420 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeares The Tempest Consider the character of Prospero and show how he used his position to control many of the characters in the play and how his actions contribute to the dramatic effectiveness. How do his actions and the attitude of the characters to him relate to the events and thinking of Shakespeares day? In the Tempest, the character of Prospero is the protagonist. Prospero is the father of Miranda and has spent twelve years on the island Read MoreEssay on William Shakespeares The Tempest2096 Words   |  9 PagesWilliam Shakespeares The Tempest Love, as defined by Merriam-Webster, is a â€Å"strong affection†, a â€Å"warm attraction†, an â€Å"unselfish loyal and benevolent concern† for another. It is â€Å"to feel a passion, devotion, or tenderness† for another. 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My Family Growing Up By Dr. Cleamon Moorer - 2229 Words

â€Å"We all have the capacity to create our own destiny.† This quote from our first African American president Barack Obama truly resonated with me, along with your story, Dr. Cleamon Moorer, that was purely orchestrated by God. Two highly accomplished and successful African American men, whose lives give me and many others hope that anything is possible as long as you never give up on yourself and more importantly on God. Background: Who am I My family growing up was composed of a strong devoted mother, who was a housewife; an equally strong father who was the provider; an older sister, who taught me how to be true to myself; an older brother, who inspired me to love and live life to the fullest; and an even older brother, who influenced me to dream big. As you read, I was the youngest of four children and was known for being a smartass. I had a question and answer for everything. If I didn’t know all the answers I still had the convincing conviction of my argument like most politicians. In other words, at a very young age I had a thirst for knowledge and to be the great white hope for my family. I came from a household composed of a father making a little over minimum wage that had to be stretched paper thin to raise a family of six. Although we had very little money, we had each other and God. Therefore, I lived in a low income community and was zoned to schools which lacked a lot of materi als and programs needed to provide a quality education that equated to what was

What I Did Last School Holiday Free Essays

In the last school holidays, my family and I return village to celebrate the up coming days with relatives. My village is located in Penang. I think this year’s election is more fun than the previous years because of this feast, there will be a meaningful day for my aunt, the marriage ceremony. We will write a custom essay sample on What I Did Last School Holiday or any similar topic only for you Order Now Men who successfully captured the hearts of my aunt come from Alor Gajah, Perak. Me, my family and relatives happy because my aunt already a men’s wife. Because of the wedding, I and relatives can gather together in the village. When the feast ahead of the first day, me and my relatives went to the mosque as usual to perform the Eid prayers and listen to a sermon by the preacher. There are many important and meaningful knowledge can I get in sermon. I was touched and happy as many fellows Muslim went to mosque. After that, I, my family and relatives went to visit the grave of grandfather, uncle and relatives who had died. The tomb is near the mosque. In this area was clean, quiet and have green plants. For the area are responsible maintaining guardians in the tomb. When we visited the grave will create awareness of ourselves and always remember the dead. We also visited the neighbour house. Due to the feast of the forth day, my aunt’s wedding, so on the second and third election, I and other relatives who are busy doing weddings preparation to ensure the event runs smoothly. We work together to do a job. Thank God, they are so sporting, cool, not resolved and selfless. They are also helpful to one another. Some of the work we all do is updating and decorating the house, cooking, boiled eggs, and packing goodies together. I’m happy with them as in busy condition, they are my relatives still managed to make me and my relatives laugh with their joke. In the forth feast, a historic day for my aunt my new uncle’s recently has come to say, their wedding. The mother of my aunt and also my grandmother definitely felt happy to get law and felt sad too because her youngest daughter become my new uncle owned. On that day, everyone without exception had been given the task to be performed for the success of the event so smoothly and orderly. I and one of the relatives are asks to give goodies to the guest that present at the ceremony. There are many guests present at the event and surrounding quite lively. Thank God, during the event, everything smoothly with what is planned. The feast of the fifth and sixth, I, my family and relatives carry life like a normal person. Sometimes, we also managed to visit interest places in Penang. At least, hat we spend time with seeking knowledge and get new experiences. In the seventh feast, we make trip go to Alor Gajah, Perak to attend a wedding in the house of my new uncle. When all business was completed, I and my relatives back to our own house. My family and I travel to our house at Kompleks Penjara Sg. Buloh. The travel takes in four to five hours. Thank God, our travel smooth and does not happen something undesirable. I’m happy can spend ho liday times with family and relatives. Hopefully, we can go to village and with my relatives again. How to cite What I Did Last School Holiday, Papers

Othello Essays (1364 words) - Othello, Iago, Emilia, Michael Cassio

Othello Othello, written by William Shakespeare is the story of Othello, the protagonist and tragic hero of the play. A Moor commanding the armies of Venice, he is a celebrated general and heroic figure whose "free and open nature" will enable Iago to twist his love for his wife Desdemona into a powerful jealousy. Iago is Othello's ensign, and Shakespeare's greatest villain. His public face of bravery and honesty conceals a Satanic delight in manipulation and destruction. Passed over for a promotion by his commander, he vows to destroy the Moor. If Iago is an artist of evil, then this scene is the finest canvas he paints. This is the crucial moment in the play, the scene where he, , deceives Othello and induces him to fall. He does so by expanding on the tactics used in prior scenes. Once the seed of doubt is planted in the Moor's mind with a quick "Ha! I like not that" (III.iii.35) (when they come upon Desdemona and Cassio) and a few probing questions about the ex-lieutenant's relationship to Othello's wife, Iago retreats into the guise he has adopted. He becomes "honest Iago," again, as in the brawl in Act II, scene ii--the reluctant truth-teller who must have unpleasant news dragged from him by a determined Othello. The honesty suggested by his reluctance to speak is reinforced by the moralizing tone that he takes with his commander. Iago actually lectures Othello, warning him against jealousy ("the green-eyed monster") and insisting that he will not speak slander: "he that filches from me my good name / Robs of that which not enriches him / And makes me poor indeed" (III.iii.158-61). At the same time, he plays upon the insecurities of the honest, noble African in sophisticated, decadent Venice by lecturing Othello on how Venetian women are deceitful and treacherous by nature. The overall effect is to pour verbal poison in his master's ear--not by lying, but by flavoring truth with innuendo. Othello will later declare that he is "not easily jealous," and that assessment of his character seems to be shared by most of the figures around him in the play. The critical response is mixed--some critics insist that his claims to be innocent of jealousy are merely self-justifying, and certainly he slips easily into assuming his wife to be unfaithful. Other critics make the distinction between an inner, self-created jealousy, which he seems to lack, and a deep insecurity and "trusting nature," as Iago puts it, which allow a clever manipulator to plant seeds of doubt. Behind his insecurity lies a man uneasy with his place in Venetian society: he may have married a white woman, a daughter of a Senator, but can he keep her? The seizure of the handkerchief is a great coup for Iago in his quest to destroy Othello, and he is aided by his wife, who apparently has no scruples about betraying her mistress in small matters. Shakespeare will eventually transform Emilia into a voice of moral outrage, and by the final scene the audience will applaud her role in Iago's destruction, but for now it is worth noticing that she is only Iago's accomplice. It will take a great shock to inspire outrage against him--a shock which comes too late. The scene ends with Iago triumphant, named as lieutenant (the rank to which he aspired from the beginning) to a man bent on destruction, and ready to join in that destruction himself--because in killing Cassio and Desdemona, Othello is killing himself. And that, of course, has been Iago's goal from the beginning. Othello's wild, violent behavior in front of Lodovico, in which he strikes his wife and abuses her for no apparent reason, demonstrate the perversion of order that Iago has brought about. There is no one to halt Othello's lawlessness, because he himself is the law in Cyprus. Othello's accusations and refusal to accept Desdemona's denials are brutal and unfair, but his language recovers some of the nobility that it had lost in previous scenes. Iago-like curses are replaced by sorrowful laments for what has been lost, and the audience is reminded the heroism and dignity that Othello possessed at the beginning of the play. His cry "O, thou weed, / Who art so lovely fair, and smell'st so sweet, / That the sense aches at thee--would thou hadst ne'er / been born!" (IV.ii.69-72) is a powerful expression of the love that he still holds for his wife, which has been ruined for ever by Iago's poisons. Othello is wrong, terribly wrong, but Shakespeare demands that

Equality essay Essays

Equality essay Essays Equality essay Essay Equality essay Essay Joel Augustine Response to class exercise: Today in our group the task at hand was to build the tallest freestanding structure using spaghetti, tape, string, and a marshmallow. We only had 18 minutes to build it and the final measurement would be measured from the top of the desk to the marshmallow at the top. When the timer went off our group was silent. I guess everyone was trying to plan out how we were going to do this. I decided it would be best to start of by making a base for this structure. It felt weird to be the first one to put an idea out, but the clock was ticking down, and the pressure was intensifying. After we built to base, which was a tripod of sorts I started to see assurance in the face of the people in my group. In my head I only had one thought, I had to win, well my group had to win. So I was putting out idea after idea, and melding them with the ideas of the my teammates. When we had about 20 inches, I saw that the spaghetti was leaning to one side. Thats when one of my teammates, I wont mention his name for his sake Ill call him Y. V kept saying that this ideas was not going to work and he kept moving the base of our structure, it almost fell. I got frustrated and told him to stop because I really didnt want to lose. I told him to not touch it unless I tell him to move something. Even though I saw that it was leaning I decided what the heck well just keep doing what were doing. And I became anxious when I saw the clock we only had about 8 minutes. We had enough time to come up with another idea put the pressure was too much. Then I decided to shake off the pressure, I had to, if we wanted to win. But it was too late. I was so caught up in myself and me winning I sort of blocked out what everyone around me was saying. One of the people in my group suggested using the string and tie to the top of the structure and then tape it to the desk so that it would stop leaning. I weighed out the outcomes and to me it looked pretty good. But it was too late we had about 30 seconds and only enough time to put on the marshmallow and watch the entire structure fall to one side from the excessive weight of the marshmallow. I think the reason I didnt listen to anyone about it leaning and soon falling was because I was so proud my plan, the plan I came up with was working. Also I wanted he people in my group to think I was smart and had good ideas. So when someone pointed out a defect, I couldnt stand for that. Also I didnt come up with any new ideas because every time I looked at the clock the time was ticking down faster and faster. So my brain sort of paused and I couldnt come up with anything to fix the problem at hand other than adding more spokes to the base. I wish I was able to clear up my mind. Maybe then I wouldnt have freaked out about not having enough time and maybe I would have listened to what everyone else was saying. Equality essay By Joel-Augustine

Command Economy Definition, Characteristics, Pros and Cons

Command Economy Definition, Characteristics, Pros and Cons In a command economy (also known as a centrally planned economy), the central government controls all major aspects of a nations economy and production. The government, rather than the traditional free market economy laws of supply and demand, mandates which goods and services will be produced and how they will be distributed and sold. The theory of a command economy was defined by Karl Marx in the Communist Manifesto as â€Å"common ownership of the means of production,† and it became a typical characteristic of communist governments. Key Takeaways: Command Economy A command economy- or centrally planned economy- is a system in which the government controls all facets of the nation’s economy. All businesses and housing are owned and controlled by the government.In a command economy, the government determines what goods and services will be produced and how they will be sold according to a multi-year central macroeconomic plan.In nations with command economies, health care, housing, and education are usually free, but the peoples’ incomes are controlled by the government and private investment is rarely allowed.In the Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx defined command economy as â€Å"common ownership of the means of production.†While command economies are typical of both communism and socialism, the two political ideologies apply them differently. While command economies are capable of rapidly making sweeping changes in a country’s economy and society, their inherent risks, such as overproduction and stifling of innovation, have driven many long-time command economies like Russia and China to incorporate free market practices in order to better compete in the global marketplace. Command Economy Characteristics In a command economy, the government has a multi-year central macroeconomic plan which sets objectives like nationwide employment rates and what the government-owned industries will produce. The government enacts laws and regulations to implement and enforce its economic plan. For example, the central plan dictates how all of the country’s resources- financial, human, and natural- are to be allocated. With the goal of eliminating unemployment, the central plan promises to use the nation’s human capital to its highest potential. However, industries must adhere to the plan’s overall hiring targets. Potential monopoly industries such as utilities, banking, and transportation are owned by the government and no competition is allowed within those sectors. In this manner, monopoly prevention measures such as anti-trust laws are unnecessary.   The government owns most, if not all of the country’s industries that produce goods or services. It may also set market prices and provide consumers with some necessities, including health care, housing, and education.   In more tightly-controlled command economies, the government imposes limits on individual income. Command Economy Examples Globalization and financial pressure have led many former command economies to change their practices and economic model, but a few countries remain faithful to the principles of command economy, such as Cuba and North Korea. Cuba Under Raul Castro, Fidel Castro’s brother, most Cuban industries remain owned and operated by the communist government. While unemployment is virtually nonexistent, the average monthly salary is less than $20 USD. Housing and health care are free, but all of the homes and hospitals are owned by the government. Since the former Soviet Union stopped subsidizing Cuba’s economy in 1990, the Castro government has gradually incorporated some free-market policies in an effort to stimulate growth. North Korean currency, featuring Kim Il-Sung, DPKRs first leader. johan10 / Getty Images North Korea The command economic philosophy of this secretive communist nation focuses on meeting the needs of its people. For example, by owning all of the homes and setting their prices accordingly, the government keeps the cost of housing low. Similarly, health care and education in government-operated hospitals and schools are free. However, with the lack of competition leaving them little reason to improve or innovate, the government-owned industries operate inefficiently. Overcrowded transportation facilities and long waits for health care are typical. Finally, with their incomes strictly controlled by the government, the people have no avenue for building wealth. Pros and Cons Some advantages of a command economy include: They can move quickly. Controlled by the government itself, industries can complete massive projects without politically motivated delays and fears of private lawsuits.Since jobs and hiring are regulated by the government, unemployment is consistently minimal and mass unemployment is rare.Government ownership of industries can prevent monopolies and their inherent abusive market practices, such as price gouging and deceptive advertising.They can quickly respond to fill critical societal needs such as health care, housing, and education, which are typically made available at little or no charge. Disadvantages of a command economy include: Command economies breed governments which limit the rights of individuals to pursue their personal financial goals.Due to their lack of free-market competition, command economies discourage innovation. Industry leaders are rewarded for following government directives rather than for creating new products and solutions.Since their economic plans are unable to respond to changing consumer needs in a timely manner, command economies often suffer from over and under production resulting in shortages and wasteful surpluses.They encourage â€Å"black markets† that illegally make and sell products not produced by the command economy. Communist Command Economy vs. Socialist Command Economy While command economies are typical of both communism and socialism, the two political ideologies apply them differently. Both forms of government own and control most industries and production, but socialist command economies do not attempt to control the peoples’ own labor. Instead, the people are free to work as they wish based on their qualifications. Similarly, businesses are free to hire the best-qualified workers, rather than having workers assigned to them based on the central economic plan. In this manner, socialist command economies encourage a higher level of worker participation and innovation. Today, Sweden is an example of a nation using a socialist command economy. Sources and Further Reference â€Å"Command Economy.† Investopedia (March 2018)Bon, Kristoffer G.; Gabnay, Roberto M. editors. â€Å"Economics: Its Concepts Principles.† 2007. Rex Book Store. ISBN 9712346927, 9789712346927Grossman, Gregory (1987): â€Å"Command economy.† The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics. Palgrave MacmillanEllman, Michael (2014). â€Å".†Socialist Planning Cambridge University Press; 3rd edition. ISBN 1107427320

Planning personal finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Planning personal finance - Essay Example The traditional lifecycle investing theory that was authored by Modigliani and Miller, holds that every individual will pass through several lifecycle stages, within which then needs for investment are different (Brigham & Houston, 200, pp. 73-4).   The first stage is when younger, exists the ‘accumulation phase’ (between 20’s and 30’s age periods), when the person is capable of investing in greater risk assets as well as follow an aggressive strategy of investment, designed to attain maximum longer term growth.   The second stage of lifecycle, is known as the ‘consolidation phase’, a middle life stage (between 40’s and 50’s age periods), during which the person has stopped working and is depending on the income as well as capital accumulated during the first two stages of life. The third and final stage is the ‘gifting phase’, (between 80’s and 90’s age periods) within which persons who have already accumulated a greater amount of wealth than they require for their own lifetimes, make a decision to of passing on some of their assets to others – maybe as a charitable donation or an inheritance (Brigham & Houston, 2001, pp. 74-5).   According to this theory, individuals go through these phases of life, their investment objectives and needs change significantly and, even though they were capable of holding mostly risk carrying assets in their youthful years (the theory depends mostly on equities, for maximizing long-term growth), the person needs to eradicate most investment peril as they age up.

The Establishment of Indian Reservations in the U.S Term Paper

The Establishment of Indian Reservations in the U.S - Term Paper Example The official start of the segregation of the native Indians began with the Indian Removal of 1830 which forced the migration of many of the tribes living east of the Mississippi river to the west side of the river1. In doing so the US government gained control of the best farming lands needed for the expansion of the European population and started off a trend of isolating the tribes and impinging on their basic rights in their own homeland which would lead on to have negative percussions for those people and tribes for the centuries to come. The treaties and forceful migration of the tribes was propagated as a means to provide them with their sovereignty and right to their lifestyle within the specified reservations. Even if one ignores the fact that many of the tribes did not regard these measures as anything of benefit for themselves and that military confrontations were often involved in ensuring their compliance with the legislations, there is still the question of the quality o f the land that was allotted to them and the lifestyle options available to them in the reservations. Lands kept for Indian use were commonly considered as the least desirable by whites and were almost always located far from major population centers, trails, and transportation routes- all necessary elements for economic growth and communication with the mainland cities. The result was that the Indians were unable to find sufficient means to find sustainable livelihoods and find the resources to use towards social development for their communities. The appalling social conditions of the reservations were widely acknowledged by the end of 19th century but government initiatives of ‘forced assimilation’ (1887) and then nearly a century later the Termination legislation (1953)2 failed to bring about any major impact in the opportunities available to the Indians or the reservations as a whole. The Termination legislation put forward idea of disbanding the communities as ind ependent political entities but that proved to be unpopular and was abandoned. Even though the Termination legislation was put into practice along with a wide scale relocation and employment program to provide financial and social assistance to the Indian youth who would be losing the close knit community atmosphere of the reservations, the low participation rate provided the government with one key insight to the lives of the natives. Despite the rampant social problems including unemployment, high crime rates, poor housing, lack of adequate child support and crime- the reservations are still thought of as a common cultural base for the Indians. The tight knit families and extended families live in close proximity and the cultural heritage is passed through one generation to the other. Languages, customs and traditions are protected in the circle of community; this wouldn’t be possible if the individual members were scattered as they are in urban settings3. Reservations have now become a part of the Indian identity and one they are not willing to part with easily- in some cases there isolation from the mainstream population actually makes them unfit for a life outside of the reservations and any opportunities ava

A Psychological Perspective of The Turn of the Screw Essay -- Henry Ja

A Psychological Perspective of The Turn of the Screw   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Henry James was one of the famous writers during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. He was known as an innovative and independent novelist. One of James' novels, The Turn of the Screw (1898), has caused a lot of controversy among many critics, and each of them has had a particular interpretation. James' creative writing built a close connection between his novel and his readers. The reactions of the readers toward The Turn of the Screw can be researched psychologically by analyzing how James developed his story using questionable incidents, an unreliable narrator, unexpected changes, an interesting prologue, and effective images and words. The influences of James's writing on his readers can be explained clearly from a psychological perspective. Readers have their individual perceptions and experiences which are defined as ego. Sigmund Freud pointed out that under the effects of the external world, the ego starts to react in various forms such as storing, adapting, learning, or fighting against external events (2). The external world includes all the things happening outside human minds such as activities in real life, in movies or in books. When readers react to the behaviors of the Governess and other characters in The The Turn of the Screw, it means their ego responds to the story that is the external world in this case. Since the perception and experiences of each person are different from the other, the reactions to this novel are varied. Moreover, James's story was written in a very sophisticated way, which is likely to lead to complex reactions. Henry James skillfully has his readers integrated into his story. While the readers are reading T... ...Screw. Works Cited Auchincloss, Louis. Reading Henry James. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1975. Freud, Sigmund. An Outline of Psycho-Analysis. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1969. James, Henry. "The Turn of the Screw". The Turn of the Screw and Other Short Novels. New York: New American Library, 1995. Luckacher, Ned. "'Hanging Fire': The Primal Scene of The Turn of the Screw." Henry James's Daisy Miller, The Turn of the Screw, and Other Tales:. Ed. Horold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House Publisher, 1987. 117-132. Nunning, Ansgar. "Unreliable Narrator." Encyclopedia of the Novel. Ed. Paul Schellinger. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1998. 1386-1388. Wagenknecht, Edward. The Tales of Henry James. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co., 1984. ---. Seven Masters of Supernatural Fiction. New York: Greenwood Press, 1991.

Contemporary America Essay

Joven Isamer Bilog 12 Apr 2011 History 162 Section 8 America’s role in World War II was fueled by the desire to fight oppression abroad. However, America’s own oppressive behavior contradicts this desire. Segregation and discrimination were still prominent in WWII. Full citizenship rights were denied to African-Americans. The Jim Crow laws kept the separation of black and white soldiers. Black and white soldiers shared different bathrooms and were trained in different military units. African-American soldiers fought two wars: one over the Axis Powers and one with domestic racial prejudice.There is no sense for America to fight for democracy if America could not have even exemplified it. There was no motive to guide an African-American soldier to shed blood for hypocrisy. In January 1942, a cafeteria worker named James G. Thompson sent a letter to the Pittsburgh Courier that decided to confront the contradiction of a Jim Crow army defending democracy and proposed the Dou ble Victory sign. The first â€Å"V† stood for victory over America’s enemies abroad and the second V stood for victory over African-American’s enemies at home.The Pittsburgh Courier’s â€Å"Double V† campaign was a profound movement that provided incentive for African-American war efforts and effectively revealed the disparity between America’s ideals abroad and the reality at home. The Double V campaign instantly grabbed the attention of the Pittsburgh Courier which started publishing the Double V insignia in its February 7th edition. Thompson’s letter made an immediate impact due to its simple yet memorable slogan with the words. His Double V idea was great enough for a very popular black press to quickly support.The slogan â€Å"gave voice to a democratic dream that would be widely shared across the country. † African-Americans could quickly relate to the cause because of its positive message. The Pittsburgh Courier used gr eat tactics such as photographs to charge the â€Å"Double V† Campaign. The photographs in the paper had a woman with a â€Å"VV† on the back of her dress, a class of six graders flashing the Double V sign and a soldier forming a Double V with his hands and two military flags. The campaign did not discourage patriotism or influence a turn against America.It called for the democratic truth America tried to embody. Private Charles F. Wilson wrote to President Roosevelt, â€Å"Are the Chinese to believe that we are fighting to bring them ‘freedom, equality, and justice,’ when they can see that in our Armed Forces we are not even practicing what we preaching? † This illustrates the powerful effect the campaign had in motivating people to stand up for the double victory cause. Democratic America was a fraud in World War II and Thompson’s letters called America out to be a true model for democracy.White America only had to worry about the victory o ver the Axis powers. The Double V showed the greater challenges colored Americans had to face. An African-American soldier named E. G. McConnell of the 76ist Tank Battalion said, â€Å"I was in a unit I was damn proud of, and I knew that the things we did would shape the future for my children and grandchildren. † The soldiers who felt unsure about the war now had a certain answer which was that the ideal would be one day reached with enough sacrifices. The maintenance of patriotism is vital to unifying the country.Black and White Americans live in America. Love for one’s country is something that can be undeniably shared. The Courier’s introduction of the Double V Campaign had a brilliant statement which was â€Å"WE HAVE A STAKE IN THIS FIGHT†¦. WE ARE AMERICANS TOO! † This statement shows that all Americans no matter what race share the loyalty and pride for the country. Black and White Americans share the same goal in defeating the Axis Powers in the name of democracy. African-Americans have just as much to lose as White Americans. Support for the campaign also came from famous whites.Politician Thomas Dewey supported the campaign stating, â€Å"All Americans must participate in the terrible struggle ahead – in our munitions factories at home – and in every branch of our armed forces on the battle fronts. † This shows how the Double V campaign was able to make the problems on the home front evident. The Pittsburgh Courier showed a picture of a black and white man showing the Double V sign in its Feb 28, 1942 edition. This showed that the fight for democracy was not limited to that of a colored American. The Double V ideal was available to all American people.The Courier gracefully executed a fight not against the whites but to fight with them. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) denounced the army’s segregationist policy: â€Å"A Jim Crow army cannot fight for a free world. † The mutual effort between colored and white Americans was necessary to defeat the evils of discrimination. There can be no peace and justice without cooperation because a change in a nation requires everyone. The editor of the Pittsburgh Courier wrote: â€Å"We call upon the President and Congress to declare war on Japan and against racial prejudice in our country.Certainly we should be strong enough to whip both of them. † This statement illustrated America’s great potential to win both victories and amplified America’s greatness. If America is fighting for democracy abroad it should be easily able to fight for democracy at home. There was a calling for America to prove it is a truly marvelous country that conquers any problem. The two victories coexist well because the fight is the same but just in different areas. Just as much as democratic principles were being eradicated in Europe by the Axis Powers; democratic equality was being ignor ed in America.Black columnist George Schuyler said â€Å"Our war is not against Hitler in Europe, but aganst Hitler in America. Our war is to get a democracy we never had. † Schuyler points out that only is there a problem with World War II and the fight against Germany, but that there is a segregation and discrimination problem on United States soil. The victory at home is necessary for the victory abroad because there is no justification in fighting for a contradiction. Black soldiers’ presence made a huge difference for America. African-Americans were allowed into the Air Corps on January 16, 1941 and the War Department office was flooded with applications.Although black soldiers were able to fight in the sky they still faced racial prejudice. â€Å"Promotions of blacks were nonexistent; it was obvious when young whites were promoted over blacks with years of exemplary military service. † These black soldiers personally felt the harsh discrimination. Their ha rd work was overlooked and there was nothing to be done about it. The War Department was stern on its traditional treatment of colored soldiers. These soldiers could not protest the discrimination. The â€Å"Double V† campaign gave them the ability to protest by instilling the idea that fighting in the war will later result in a better future.The soldiers were fighting for the second victory at home. A Tuskegee administrator said, â€Å"When Negroes do not have to be continuously on their guard against such unnecessary strains during the period of their flying training they will do better as flyers. † This illustrated a contradiction because segregating training camps is a definite example of racial discrimination. The segregation cultivated strains of doubt and hopelessness in the minds of the black soldiers. The Double V helped link black soldiers’ urge for victory in WWII with the hope for an end to discrimination and segregation.A black airman in the 99th, a nd an eventual Tuskegee Airman, â€Å"every man in the 99th was aware that the success of the 99th would impact the status of blacks in the Army Air Force and the army as a whole and that each man performed his job as if the race depended on him. † The â€Å"Double V† Campaign gave black America the opportunity to feel like they were a part of a greater struggle for freedom everywhere. One soldier said, â€Å"Just carve on my tombstone, ‘Here lies a black man killed fighting a yellow man for the protection of a white man’. This showed the paradox that they are expected to do the same dangerous and life risking things as the white man but do not reap the same benefits. Black soldiers were willing to protect country even though the relationship was not reciprocal. These black soldiers needed to risk their life for a worthy cause which is what the â€Å"Double V† Campaign did by providing them with the motive of victory on the home front. Considering U. S. involvement in WWII â€Å"government officials began stressing the need of a united home front to ensure victory, and many blacks realized that whites could no longer ignore the issue of discrimination. With the increasing participation of colored Americans in the war, the issue of discrimination became a bigger concern. The issue could no longer be avoided. The Double V stepped in at the perfect time and confronted the issue of discrimination. As can be seen throughout the whole of this analysis, The â€Å"Double V† campaign was a profound movement that provided incentive for African-American war efforts and effectively revealed the disparity between America’s ideals abroad and the reality at home. Thompson’s words were very inspiring because he showed the perseverance to overlook all the unjust treatment and still have optimism in America.The positive assertion contributed greatly to the success of the campaign. The â€Å"Double V† campaign was o ne of the most extensive patriotic drives in the country during the war because it kept black America appraised of the struggle for victory overseas and victory at home through numerous publications. World War II gave African-Americans the perfect opportunity to change the ways of America. It was impeccable timing for the â€Å"Double V† campaign to start. Many African-Americans participated in the war and were willing to sacrifice their lives.There were also many African-Americans such as men in the military who questioned if was worth defending a nation representing hypocrisy. The â€Å"Double V† Campaign was started for these people who represented the common theme of discrimination. It was during World War II in which the possibility of African-Americans being heard. The connection of the two victories was clever because it demonstrated that African-Americans are fighting for everyone else and raises the question of why it is not reciprocated which shows that Afric an-Americans are entitled to equal rights.There is a request for cooperation among all Americans to truly represent democracy. To be constantly brought down by discrimination and prejudices and still persevere is mind blowing showed the amazing patience African-Americans had. The â€Å"Double V† campaign showed the public that there is a potential existence of an America practicing what it preaches where all men are created equal and no innate social, cultural or human right is withheld from you. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Ronald Takaki, Double Victory: A Multicultural History of America in World War II (Boston: Little, Brown and Co, 2000), 25 [ 2 ].Michael S. Foley, Home Fronts A Wartime America Reader (New York: The New Press, 2008), 56 [ 3 ]. Takaki, 21 [ 4 ]. Washburn, Pat The â€Å"Pittsburgh Courier’s† Double V Campaign in 1942 (1981), 4 [ 5 ]. Takaki, 30 [ 6 ]. Takaki, 34 [ 7 ]. James G. Thompson†The Courier’s Double ‘V’ For a Double Victory Campaign Gets Country-Wide Support,† The Pittsburgh Courier, February 14, 1942 [ 8 ]. James Edward Boyack, â€Å"Denounces Limit Placed on Negro in War Efforts,† Pittsburgh Courier, Feb. 28, 1942, 1 [ 9 ]. Washburn, 8 [ 10 ]. Takaki, 23 [ 11 ].Beth Bailey, â€Å"The â€Å"Double-V† Campaign in World War II Hawaii: African Americans, Racial Ideology, and Federal Power,† Journal of Social History 26:4 ( March 1993): 817 [ 12 ]. Takaki, 24 [ 13 ]. Lynn M Homan, Black Knights: The story of Tuskegee Airmen (Gretna, Lousiana: Pelican Publishing Company, 2001), 30 [ 14 ]. Homan, 71 [ 15 ]. Homan, 34 [ 16 ]. Lawrence P. Scott, Double V The Civil Rights Struggle Of The Tuskegee Airmen (East Lansing, Michigan: Michigan State University Press, 1992), 134 [ 17 ]. Takaki, 34 [ 18 ]. Washburn, 2 [ 19 ]. Scott, 167

Race in the 19th 20th century - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2824 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category History Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Essay Question: Examine how ideas about race were elaborated in the second half of 19th century and the early 20th century. Race is a historically and culturally specific notion, embedded in a constellation of economic, political, and cultural discourses and uniquely linked to specific relations of power and authority (Hirschfield, 1998, p.34). It has been argued that race was an Enlightenment project that resulted from the desire to classify (Cohen, 1974, p.207). Racial thinking certainly existed before this period, but the modern concept of race is a more recent one that has developed from the encounter of more Europeans with other peoples (MacDonald, 1973, p.241). There is some disagreement as to when the construction of race took its current form. First, it has been suggested that the descriptions of race in ancient literature demonstrate that it originates in xenophobic beliefs (Hirschfield, 1998, p.34). The system of natural classification that developed in the Eighteenth Century is a lso seen as an important contribution (Hannaford, 1996, p.188). However, almost all studies agree that a distinctive development of racial thinking began to take place in the Nineteenth Century (Hirschfield, 1998, p.35). The Nineteenth Century saw the search for the historical and biological origins of race (Hannaford, 1996, p.235). It went beyond the simply classification of race and towards a more significant delineation of race into one that embodies characteristics, personalities and even mental abilities. Several key developments were relevant to this progression. These will be examined as follows: first the importance of the development of biological categories and the influence of power will be examined. Secondly, the development of scientific dialogue of Darwinism and Eugenics will be discussed. Thirdly, an examination will be made of the influence of nationalism and imperialism. Finally, the notion to which the discourse became self-serving will be considered in that as the connection between cultural features and racial stereotypes became ingrained, there was recourse to the scientific argument to justify the features of power. The urge to divide the human race into broad categories similar to the animal kingdom seems to be a starting point for many of the theorists in the Nineteenth Century (James, 1981, p.19). Kants On the Different Human Races is characteristic of this view: he draws analogy to how the animal species are divided to demonstrate a division in the human race. A natural division is based upon identifying lines of descent that divide according to our reproductive relations (Kant, 2000, p. 8). This description of racial characteristics holds a number of significant features of the developing views of race. It seeks to explain differences as accruing from environmental change (James, 1981, p.19). Despite attempting to read as a scientific study, it demonstrates some significant bias towards the North Europeans, describing those who live in the humid heat of a warm climate, which he states produces a thick, turned up nose and thick fatty lips (Kant, 2000, p.17). The skin needs to be oily to avoid the absorption of the foul, humid air (Kant, 2000, p.17). This thus demonstrates that the scientific foundation became the vector for the view of racial development and the perceived superiority of white. The foundation of the racial paradigm can therefore be discerned in the need to classify elements of the human race in a manner similar to the natural world (Lazarus, 2011, p.4). As has been seen, the development of classification resulted in a derogation of the non-European races. From one point of view, this can be seen as a natural progression, as those doing the classification may tend to regard themselves as the superior race, simply defining all alternatives as the other (James, 1981, p.19). However, this went much further than a simple scientific approach to considering all races to be infer ior in a general sense to a kind of opposition to other races (Bayly, 2004, p.227). The classification was extended not simply to demonstrate different racial characteristics to ones that included personalities, attitudes and associated capabilities. The urge to categorise therefore does not simply predetermine the unequal distribution of racial characteristics between different races (Cohen 1974, p.207). Darwinism can be seen as a significant academic contribution to the racism paradigm. The notion that some races had evolved to a more complete end than others dominated the discourse (Bayly, 2004, p.230). This represented a significant departure from the old notions of racism and pointed towards the solution: the other, more advanced races would attempt to educate the other races and complete their evolution. The triumph of Western Capitalism was seen as a self-evident manifestation of evolutions triumph in the Western Europeans, with the success of the ex-colonies such as the United States being seen as further proof of a racial superiority of white people (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2006, p.563). This was intertwined with the notion of social Darwinism, where the formation of societies were seen as corresponding to the same principles of evolutionary racism. This can be seen in the declaration by the German General Friedrich von Bernhardi in 1907: war is a biological necessity of the first importance†¦ since without it unhealthy development will follow, which excludes the advancement of the race, and therefore all real civilization (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2006, p.563). The development of Eugenics in the late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries represents the clearest manifestation of the racial characteristics. This can be described as the science of racial improvement (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2006, p.564). This characterises the racist paradigm at that time, whereupon differences had become interpreted as significant and strong manife stations of elements that are better or worse within a race (Benedict, 1983, p.45). Selective breeding was seen as a method by which the tendency of racial characteristics would tend towards an average could be modified. This provided further scientific rationale that justified racial stereotypes. Furthermore, it demonstrated that intermixing between the races could result in interbreeding, and thus pollute racial stocks (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2006, p.546). The formation of the British Society for Eugenics in the early Twentieth Century represented a significant development of the scientific rationale attempting a social cause, whereby some elements of society were encouraged to breed whereas others were discouraged. This, evidently reached its apogee in the Nazism of the 1930s and 1940s, but the principles were prevalent before this took a particularly strong manifestation. The Nuremberg laws in 1935 redefined German citizenship on racial grounds and ultimately this resulte d in sterilisation and genocide of undesirable elements in society. It was the extremes that this manifestation reached that contributed to its dramatic decline in popularity following the war (Benedict, 1983, p.46). Biological determinism offers one starting point for the justification of slavery in the mid-Nineteenth Century and therefore offered a starting point for the justification of racial oppression; in other words it provided the means of defining unequal power relationships (Cohen, 1974, p.209). The associated racial characteristics applied to other races by Europeans and their descendants can be seen in the manifestation of power (James, 1981, p.25). At a point where the anti-slavery movement was growing in importance across the old colonial powers, it seemed required that justification of the submissive state of such individuals in society was required (Gupta, 1983, p.27). Slavery in the USA became to be seen more as a paternalistic benevolence by slave owners to a race who, by their nature, were unable to thrive for themselves outside the framework of slavery (Bayly, 2004, p.277). It was widely held in the USA in the Nineteenth Century that black people were slow of learning and had little natural intelligence (Hannaford, 1996, p.188). The power relations that were involved in the suppression of one group by another therefore justified the characterisation of that race as limited in natural ability, and thus suggested the oppression of the race was of benefit to them rather than the exploitative relationship it was. This idea will be further explored in the development of nationalism and imperialism, but it is important to note the manifestation of power relationships in a wide range of contexts before the late-Nineteenth Century developments (Hannaford, 1996, p.189). The notion of racism also developed to encompass not only significant differences of race, but differences in nationality (Gupta, 1983, p.23). This racism without c olour requires attention owing to its growth in the period of the late Nineteenth and early Twentieth Centuries (Gupta, 1983, p.22). It has been argued that race and racism are inextricably linked but this is difficult to support (Morris, 1994, p.845). Although there is significant racial heterogeneity in the UK, there are strong arguments that suggest that a perceived racial homogeneity is a cultural construct (Gupta, 1983, p.23). The growth of nationalism can be seen as a significant contribution to the development of racist ideologies (Lazarus, 2011, p.3). According to a number of studies of nationalism, the notion became increasingly important in the Nineteenth Century resulting in the theme of nationalism that is present today (Brubaker, 2011, p.1785). The later Nineteenth Century was the period during which the theme of nationalism was very strong (Anderson, 2006, p.11). This, therefore, resulted in the development of racism to extend to national characteristics rather t han simply focusing on biological differences. A significant corollary of the development of nationalism was that it was founded on shared values and national characteristics (Ersanilli and Koopmans, 2010, p.773). This therefore provided the notion that other cultures and nations did not share such characteristics. This can be seen as part of the foundation of the notion of racism based upon essentially nationalistic characteristics. As Benedict (1983, p.128) states if Frenchman and Germans differed, by that token they were different races. A crucial element of a number of nationalisms was the notion that the population within the set geographical limitations were of the same race (Anderson, 2006, p.15). This intertwined the notion of race and national boundaries in a way that had not received such a complete notion before. However, in order for this developed to take place, the notions of racial-nationalism drew heavily upon the developing paradigm that suggests that there is a coincidence between the race of an individual or a group and other features, such as learning acumen, personality features, attitudes and so on (Ersanilli and Koopmans, 2010, p.775). The application of this idea to the set of national characteristics was relatively smooth: it simply posited that, in the same way the geography changed the racial characteristics of people in terms of physical features, it further had an effect on their personal characteristics (Kant, 2000, p.17). Therefore individuals living in a nation state that had a different geographical location would thus develop similar characteristics as each other and different ones from different states. This paradigm could only apply to a certain number of states and does not fully explain the existence of entrenched racism that occurred in other areas such as the USA, South Africa and Australia (Anderson, 2006, p.16). In such cases the notion of power represents the most significant explanatory variable. Ho wever, it is significant that there was an attempt to provide a strong adherence to a common set of values in late Nineteenth Century; particularly such values as might be deemed Anglo-Saxon, which reinforced the supremacy of the white make, the Protestant Church and the English Language (Bayly, 2004, p.229). This can be seen as perhaps resulting from the same factors that produced a racial conception of nationality. The later Nineteenth Century was a period during which imperialist theories were also legion (Bayly, 2004, p.227). In the historical context of creation, these views were intertwined with nationalism. However, within the context of the development of racial arguments, they have a significant role to play. This has been characterised as new imperialism, during which most of Africa was seized by Europeans (Bayly, 2004, p.228). These views are considered separately as it can illustrate the significance of the importance of nationalism in emphasising the racial char acteristics of nation states (Anderson, 2006, p.11). Imperialism, however, demonstrated the importance of power relations in the development of the racial discourse. In many senses, the racial discourse can be seen as developing from a concerted attempt to justify the unequal power relationship between the rulers and ruled. This can be seen in extent to which most Europeans gave humanitarian or religious justification for their actions, suggesting that the superiority of European civilization compelled them to impose it upon the primitive cultures (Bayly, 2004, p.229). Social Darwinism played a significant role in the development of imperialisms justified on academic racism, whereby the primitive aspects of the race were seen as justification in itself for the imperialist activities. Other motives for imperialism, such as the economic imperative, all drew on the racist paradigm to provide a less selfish justification for the new empires (Bayly, 2004, p.230). This therefore re sulted in an increase in the notion of race being a defining characteristic. Racial ideologies were not simply advanced by a conglomeration of nationalism, imperialism, Darwinism and Eugenics (Giroux, 1992, p.165). In the early Twentieth Century, there became evidence strands of simply cultural racism that can be seen as running alongside the biological determinism that was largely prevalent. From this perspective, individuals were suspicious or negative towards to other races not solely on the basis on racial differences, but because those differences represented a divergence in cultural values (Giroux, 1992, p.164). This can be seen in the number of miscegenation laws that prevailed in the USA in this period, which have been interpreted as founded on notions of biological mixing (Hirschfield, 1998, p.24). However, there was considered to be more at stake than simply the eroding of biological race: marriage resulted in social responsibility and constituted more than simply the biological element; it did not outlaw illicit sex but simply marriage. This therefore was an attempt to assert the supremacy of the white man over all other races (Giroux, p.165). However, during this period, challenges to miscegenation laws included the argument that the continual subdivision of racial categories made no sense in terms of an identification of race as a biological characteristic (Mason, 1994, p.845). Therefore, this period includes not only the development of the biological classification of racism in the Nuremberg Laws in 1935, but also the gradual eradication of this notion in the courtrooms of the USA and the continued definition on the grounds of power relationships (Bayly, 2004, p.231). The results of this investigation therefore demonstrate the following features of the definition of racism in the late Nineteenth Century and the early Twentieth Century (Jackson, 2004, p.4). First, the starting point was the biological definition of racism, which, coupled with unequal power relationships resulted in the definition of certain features as being undesirable, less advanced or primitive (Bayly, 2004, p.227). Second, the development of the sciences of evolutionary Darwinism and Eugenics provided further scientific validity to these views, justifying unequal power relationships either by pinpointing the inability of certain races to develop, or by suggesting the more advanced races had a personal benevolence to the others (Duiker and Spielvogel, 2006, p.563). Third, the growth in nationalism resulted in the extension of the racist paradigm to encompass characteristics defined by nationalism rather than identified by biological features (Anderson, 2006, p.11). Fourth, the growth in imperialism in this period drew upon evolutionary theory to define the colonised as less developed and therefore justifying their colonisation as a duty for the more evolved (Bayly, 2004, p.227). Finally, cultural separatism played a role, where the biological racial argument was used as a cover to simply perpetuate the inequalities in society (Giroux, 1992, p.165). During this period, racism went from a series of speculations to a firmly developed and justified academic discipline; different elements of the paradigm intertwined to justify unequal power relationships and vindicate oppression. References Anderson, B., 2006. Imagined Communities: reflections upon the origin and spread of nationalism, London: Verso. Bayly, C. A., 2004. The birth of the modern world, 1780-1914: global connections and comparisons, London: Wiley-Blackwell. Benedict, R., 1983. Race and Racism, London: Taylor and Francis. Brubaker, R., 2011. Nationalizing States Revisited: projects and processes of nationalization in post Soviet states, Ethnic and Racial Studies, 34(11), pp.1785-1814. Cohen, W. B., 1974. Literature and Race: Nineteenth Century French Fiction, Blacks and Africa, 1800-1880, Race and Class, 16, pp. 207-213. Duiker, W. J. and Spielvogel, J. J., 2006. World History: from 1500, New York: Cengage Learning. Ersanilli, E. and Koopmans, R., 2010. Rewarding Integration? Citizenship Regulations and the Socio-Cultural Integration of Immigrants in the Netherlands, France and Germany, Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(5), pp.773-791. Giroux, H. A., 1992. Border Crossings: Cultural Workers and the Politics of Education, London: Routledge. Gupta, D., 1983. Racism without colour: the Catholic ethic and ethnicity in Quebec, Race Class, 25(1), pp.23-44. Hannaford, I., 1996. Race: The History of an Idea in the West , Washington DC: Woodrow Wilson Center. Hirschfield, L. A., 1998. Race in the Making: Cognition, Culture and the childs construction of human kinds, Cambridge (Mass.): MIT Press. Jackson, P., 2004. Introduction in P. Jackson (ed.) Race and Racism: Essays in Social Geography, London: Routledge, pp. 1-18. James, A., 1981. †Black†: an inquiry into the pejorative associations of an English word, New Community, 9(1), pp.19-30. Kant, I., 2000. On the Different Human Races in R. Benasconi (ed.) The Idea of Race, London: Hackett Publishing, pp.8-22. Lazarus, N., 2011. What postcolonial theory doesnt say, Race Class, 53(1), pp.3-27. Macdonald, I., 1973. The Capitalist Way to Curb Discrimination. Race Today,pp.241-2. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Race in the 19th 20th century" essay for you Create order